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Table of Contents

1. Overview
1.1 Structure of this Manual
1.2 The GNU Assembler
1.3 Object File Formats
1.4 Command Line
1.5 Input Files
1.6 Output (Object) File
1.7 Error and Warning Messages
2. Command-Line Options
2.1 Enable Listings: -a[cdhlns]
2.2 -D
2.3 Work Faster: -f
2.4 .include search path: -I path
2.5 Difference Tables: -K
2.6 Include Local Labels: -L
2.7 Assemble in MRI Compatibility Mode: -M
2.8 Dependency tracking: --MD
2.9 Name the Object File: -o
2.10 Join Data and Text Sections: -R
2.11 Display Assembly Statistics: --statistics
2.12 Compatible output: --traditional-format
2.13 Announce Version: -v
2.14 Control Warnings: -W, --warn, --no-warn
2.15 Make Warnings Fatal: -X, --fatal-warnings
2.16 Generate Object File in Spite of Errors: -Z
3. Syntax
3.1 Preprocessing
3.2 Whitespace
3.3 Comments
3.4 Symbols
3.5 Statements
3.6 Constants
3.6.1 Character Constants
3.6.1.1 Strings
3.6.1.2 Characters
3.6.2 Number Constants
3.6.2.1 Integers
3.6.2.2 Bignums
3.6.2.3 Flonums
4. Sections and Relocation
4.1 Background
4.2 Linker Sections
4.3 Assembler Internal Sections
4.4 Sub-Sections
4.5 bss Section
5. Symbols
5.1 Labels
5.2 Giving Symbols Other Values
5.3 Symbol Names
5.4 The Special Dot Symbol
5.5 Symbol Attributes
5.5.1 Value
5.5.2 Type
6. Expressions
6.1 Empty Expressions
6.2 Integer Expressions
6.2.1 Arguments
6.2.2 Operators
6.2.3 Prefix Operator
6.2.4 Infix Operators
7. Assembler Directives
7.1 .abort
7.2 .align abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
7.3 .ascii "string"...
7.4 .asciz "string"...
7.5 .balign[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
7.6 .byte expressions
7.7 .comm symbol , length [, align]
7.8 .data subsection
7.9 .double flonums
7.10 .eject
7.11 .else
7.12 .elseif
7.13 .end
7.14 .endfunc
7.15 .endif
7.16 .equ symbol, expression
7.17 .equiv symbol, expression
7.18 .err
7.19 .exitm
7.20 .extern
7.21 .fail expression
7.22 .file string
7.23 .fill repeat , size , value
7.24 .float flonums
7.25 .func name[,label]
7.26 .global symbol, .globl symbol
7.27 .hword expressions
7.28 .ident
7.29 .if absolute expression
7.30 .include "file"
7.31 .int expressions
7.32 .irp symbol,values...
7.33 .irpc symbol,values...
7.34 .lcomm symbol , length [, align]
7.35 .lflags
7.36 .line line-number
7.37 .linkonce [type]
7.38 .ln line-number
7.39 .mri val
7.40 .list
7.41 .long expressions
7.42 .macro
7.43 .nolist
7.44 .octa bignums
7.45 .org new-lc , fill
7.46 .p2align[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
7.47 .popsection
7.48 .previous
7.49 .pushsection name
7.50 .print string
7.51 .psize lines , columns
7.52 .purgem name
7.53 .quad bignums
7.54 .rept count
7.55 .sbttl "subheading"
7.56 .section name
7.57 .set symbol, expression
7.58 .short expressions
7.59 .single flonums
7.60 .size
7.61 .sleb128 expressions
7.62 .skip size , fill
7.63 .space size , fill
7.64 .stabd, .stabn, .stabs
7.65 .string "str"
7.66 .struct expression
7.67 .symver
7.68 .text subsection
7.69 .title "heading"
7.70 .uleb128 expressions
7.71 .internal, .hidden, .protected
7.72 .word expressions
7.73 Deprecated Directives
8. MIPS Dependent Features
8.1 Assembler options
8.2 MIPS object code
8.3 Directives for debugging information
8.4 Directives to override the ISA level
8.5 Directives for extending MIPS16 instructions
8.6 Directive to mark data as an instruction
8.7 Directives to save and restore options
9. Reporting Bugs
9.1 Have you found a bug?
9.2 How to report bugs
10. Acknowledgements
Index


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